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BACHELOR-OF-VETERINARY-SCIENCE-AND-ANIMAL-HUSBANDRY in General at Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
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About the Specialization
What is General at Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University Tirupati?
This Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry program at Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University focuses on comprehensive training in animal health, production, and public health. It integrates foundational veterinary sciences with practical animal husbandry, addressing critical needs of the Indian livestock sector. The program emphasizes both clinical skills and the broader aspects of animal welfare, food safety, and rural development, making it highly relevant to India''''s agro-economy. Its curriculum is designed to produce skilled veterinary professionals ready for diverse challenges.
Who Should Apply?
This program is ideal for aspiring veterinarians with a strong passion for animal welfare, scientific inquiry, and a desire to contribute to livestock development in India. It attracts fresh graduates with a 10+2 science background (PCMB) aiming for a career in animal healthcare, government services, or research. Individuals seeking to work in rural development, public health, or livestock entrepreneurship, along with those interested in wildlife conservation or companion animal practice, will find this course highly fulfilling.
Why Choose This Course?
Graduates of this program can expect diverse and impactful career paths in India. Opportunities include veterinary officers in state animal husbandry departments, private veterinary practitioners, researchers in institutions like ICAR, or positions in pharmaceutical and animal feed industries. Entry-level salaries typically range from INR 4-7 LPA, with experienced professionals earning significantly more. Growth trajectories can lead to roles in veterinary public health, farm management, or academic positions, contributing directly to India''''s agricultural and food security sectors.
Student Success Practices
Foundation Stage
Master Core Anatomy and Physiology- (Semester 1-2)
Dedicate significant time to understanding the intricate anatomy and physiology of various domestic animals. Utilize anatomical models, dissections, and comparative studies. Form study groups to discuss complex physiological processes and clinical correlations.
Tools & Resources
Veterinary Anatomy textbooks (e.g., Sisson & Grossman''''s), physiological charts, dissection labs, 3D anatomy apps, Peer study groups
Career Connection
A strong foundation in these subjects is crucial for accurate diagnosis, surgical interventions, and understanding disease mechanisms in later stages, directly impacting clinical proficiency and patient outcomes.
Develop Strong Observational Skills- (Semester 1-2)
Actively participate in practical sessions, focusing on observing animal behavior, physical examinations, and basic diagnostic procedures. Maintain a detailed lab notebook and sketch anatomical structures. Learn to identify subtle changes in animal health.
Tools & Resources
Veterinary hospitals/clinics (observation only in early semesters), livestock farms, field visits, species identification guides, Journaling
Career Connection
Acute observational skills are paramount for a veterinarian, enabling early detection of illnesses and proper assessment, a critical skill for both clinical practice and public health roles in India.
Build a Foundational Understanding of Indian Livestock Systems- (Semester 1-2)
Engage with introductory courses in livestock production and extension education with an Indian context. Visit local farms (dairy, poultry, small ruminants) to understand regional practices, common breeds, and socio-economic aspects.
Tools & Resources
ICAR/VCI recommended textbooks, local farm visits (with permission), veterinary extension lectures, Local farmer interactions
Career Connection
Understanding India''''s diverse livestock systems is essential for effective veterinary service delivery, rural development, and addressing the specific challenges faced by Indian farmers, enhancing employability in government and rural sectors.
Intermediate Stage
Engage in Clinical Rotations and Case Studies- (Semester 3-5)
Actively participate in clinical rotations at the university veterinary hospital. Focus on understanding disease pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures, treatment protocols, and surgical assistance. Present case studies and critically analyze outcomes.
Tools & Resources
University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, diagnostic labs, clinical textbooks (e.g., Veterinary Medicine by Blood & Radostits), Peer discussion forums
Career Connection
Hands-on clinical exposure is vital for developing diagnostic acumen and therapeutic skills, directly preparing students for independent practice or specialized clinical roles in India''''s veterinary landscape.
Master Diagnostic Techniques and Interpretation- (Semester 3-5)
Develop proficiency in laboratory techniques (microbiology, parasitology, pathology) and interpretation of diagnostic results (blood reports, histopathology, radiography). Attend workshops on advanced diagnostic imaging if available.
Tools & Resources
Diagnostic laboratories, VCI-approved practical manuals, online resources for case interpretation, Mentorship from senior faculty
Career Connection
Accurate and timely diagnosis is the cornerstone of effective treatment. Proficiency in diagnostics enhances a veterinarian''''s capability to manage complex cases and contribute to disease surveillance programs, particularly crucial in India''''s diverse disease epidemiology.
Network with Professionals and Participate in Field Camps- (Semester 3-5)
Attend veterinary conferences, seminars, and field animal health camps organized by the university or state departments. Network with practicing veterinarians, government officials, and industry experts. Seek mentorship opportunities.
Tools & Resources
Veterinary association meetings, university extension camps, industry seminars, LinkedIn for professional networking
Career Connection
Networking opens doors to internships, job opportunities, and invaluable insights into the practical aspects of veterinary medicine in India. Field experience provides exposure to ground realities and community engagement, critical for public sector roles.
Advanced Stage
Excel in Internship with Proactive Engagement- (Semester 6-8 (Internship year))
Treat the compulsory rotating internship as a full-fledged professional role. Proactively seek diverse cases, assist in surgeries, perform duties independently under supervision, and take ownership of patient management. Document every case meticulously.
Tools & Resources
Internship manual, senior veterinarians, clinical mentors, comprehensive case records, Professional self-assessment tools
Career Connection
The internship is the bridge to professional practice. Exceptional performance and a proactive attitude during this phase often lead to direct placement offers, strong recommendations, and rapid career progression in both private and government sectors.
Develop Specialization or Niche Skills- (Semester 6-8 (Final academic year and internship))
Identify areas of interest (e.g., small animal surgery, large animal medicine, poultry health, public health) and seek additional training or mentorship. Conduct a mini-research project or review in your chosen niche. This can be during final year elective projects.
Tools & Resources
Specialized workshops, postgraduate courses, research journals, expert veterinarians in specific fields, University research facilities
Career Connection
Developing a niche helps graduates stand out in a competitive job market. Whether it''''s advanced surgical skills for private practice or expertise in zoonotic diseases for public health, specialization increases employability and earning potential in India.
Prepare for Competitive Examinations and Entrepreneurship- (Semester 6-8 (Final academic year and internship))
Start preparing early for competitive exams like UPSC, state PSC veterinary officer exams, or postgraduate entrance exams. Simultaneously, explore entrepreneurship opportunities, develop a business plan, and understand the regulatory framework for starting a veterinary clinic or livestock enterprise.
Tools & Resources
Coaching institutes, previous year question papers, government scheme documents, entrepreneurship development cells, Mentors from industry/government
Career Connection
Many lucrative and impactful careers in India require clearing competitive exams. For those inclined towards entrepreneurship, early planning and knowledge of market dynamics are crucial for establishing successful veterinary practices or agro-businesses, contributing to self-employment and job creation.
Program Structure and Curriculum
Eligibility:
- 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology and English with a minimum aggregate percentage (as per VCI norms and state admission policies, typically 50% for General and 40% for SC/ST/OBC categories). Qualification in NEET (UG) or equivalent state-level entrance examination is mandatory.
Duration: 5.5 years (10 semesters of course work + 1 semester of compulsory rotating internship)
Credits: 248.5 Credits
Assessment: Internal: 50%, External: 50%
Semester-wise Curriculum Table
Semester 1
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAP-111 | Veterinary Anatomy-I (Osteology, Arthrology & Topography) | Core | 3 | General Anatomy, Osteology (Bones of all domestic animals), Arthrology (Joints of all domestic animals), Topographical Anatomy of head and neck, Anatomical planes and terms |
| VAP-112 | Veterinary Histology & Embryology-I | Core | 3 | Histological techniques, Cell and its organelles, Epithelial tissues, Connective tissues, Early Embryogenesis |
| VPP-111 | Veterinary Physiology-I (Blood, Cardiovascular & Respiratory System) | Core | 2.5 | Composition and functions of blood, Haemostasis and blood coagulation, Cardiac cycle and heart sounds, Mechanism of respiration, Regulation of blood pressure |
| VPP-112 | Veterinary General Biochemistry | Core | 2.5 | Biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), Enzymology, Vitamins and minerals, Water and electrolyte balance, Acid-base balance |
| VAH-111 | Livestock Production & Management (General) | Core | 3.5 | History of livestock development in India, Role of livestock in Indian economy, Housing systems for livestock, Breeds of indigenous and exotic cattle, Clean milk production |
| VAS-111 | Principles of Livestock Feeding & Fodder Production | Core | 2.5 | Fundamentals of animal nutrition, Classification of feedstuffs, Nutritive value of common feeds, Fodder crop production, Preservation of fodders |
| VPE-111 | Principles of Veterinary Extension Education | Core | 1.5 | Concept and philosophy of extension, Methods of extension education, Communication skills, Rural sociology, Socio-economic impact of livestock |
| VMI-111 | Veterinary General Microbiology | Core | 2.5 | History of microbiology, Morphology and classification of bacteria, Bacterial growth and nutrition, Sterilization and disinfection, Introduction to virology and immunology |
| APC-111 | Agronomy, Botany and Basic Horticulture | Core | 2.5 | Agricultural crop production, Plant morphology and physiology, Basic principles of horticulture, Weed management, Soil science fundamentals |
| ENG-111 | English Language | Core | 1.5 | Grammar and usage, Reading comprehension, Writing skills (essays, reports), Vocabulary building, Oral communication |
Semester 2
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAP-121 | Veterinary Anatomy-II (Splanchnology, Neurology & Aesthesiology) | Core | 3 | Digestive system of domestic animals, Respiratory and urinary systems, Reproductive system (male and female), Central Nervous System, Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System |
| VAP-122 | Veterinary Histology & Embryology-II | Core | 3 | Histology of digestive glands, Histology of respiratory and urinary systems, Histology of male and female reproductive systems, Histology of endocrine glands, Prenatal and postnatal growth |
| VPP-121 | Veterinary Physiology-II (Digestive, Renal, Environmental & Endocrine System) | Core | 2.5 | Physiology of digestion in ruminants and non-ruminants, Liver functions and bile formation, Kidney functions and urine formation, Thermoregulation and heat stress, Endocrine glands and their hormones |
| VPP-122 | Veterinary Intermediary Metabolism | Core | 2.5 | Carbohydrate metabolism, Lipid metabolism, Protein and amino acid metabolism, Nucleic acid metabolism, Metabolic disorders |
| VAH-121 | Livestock Production & Management (Dairy & Sheep) | Core | 3.5 | Breeds of dairy cattle, Management of dairy herd, Sheep breeds and their rearing, Wool production and marketing, Diseases of sheep and their prevention |
| VAS-121 | Animal Nutrition (Ruminants & Non-Ruminants) | Core | 2.5 | Nutrient requirements of ruminants, Nutrient requirements of non-ruminants, Ration formulation for different livestock, Feed additives and their uses, Nutritional deficiencies and excesses |
| VPE-121 | Extension Methods and Audio Visual Aids | Core | 1.5 | Individual contact methods, Group contact methods, Mass contact methods, Audio-visual aids preparation and use, Participatory rural appraisal |
| VMI-121 | Veterinary Immunology & Serology | Core | 2.5 | Innate and acquired immunity, Antigens and antibodies, Humoral and cell-mediated immunity, Vaccines and vaccination, Immunodiagnostic techniques |
| APC-121 | Agricultural Statistics, Computer Applications and Physics | Core | 2.5 | Measures of central tendency and dispersion, Probability and distributions, Hypothesis testing (t, chi-square, ANOVA), Introduction to computers and MS Office, Basic principles of physics in veterinary science |
Semester 3
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAP-231 | Veterinary Gross Anatomy (Avian & Wild Animals) | Core | 2.5 | Avian skeleton and musculature, Avian digestive and respiratory systems, Anatomy of avian reproductive and urinary systems, Comparative anatomy of selected wild animals, Adaptations in anatomy of wild animals |
| VAP-232 | Applied Anatomy | Core | 2 | Surgical approaches to body regions, Anatomy for regional anaesthesia, Anatomy of common diagnostic procedures, Anatomy relevant to lameness, Clinical application of anatomical knowledge |
| VPP-231 | Veterinary Pharmacology & Chemotherapy-I | Core | 2.5 | General pharmacology principles, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system, Drugs acting on central nervous system, Local and general anaesthetics |
| VPP-232 | Veterinary Endocrinology & Reproductive Physiology | Core | 2.5 | Physiology of reproduction in male animals, Physiology of reproduction in female animals, Oestrous cycle and pregnancy diagnosis, Lactation physiology, Endocrine control of reproduction |
| VPT-231 | Veterinary Protozoology | Core | 2.5 | General characteristics of protozoa, Haemoprotozoan diseases, Enteric protozoan diseases, Protozoan diseases of poultry, Diagnosis and control of protozoan infections |
| VPT-232 | Veterinary Helminthology | Core | 2.5 | General characteristics of helminths, Trematode infections of domestic animals, Cestode infections of domestic animals, Nematode infections of domestic animals, Anthelmintics and deworming strategies |
| VAH-231 | Livestock Production & Management (Swine & Poultry) | Core | 3.5 | Breeds of swine and their management, Housing and feeding of pigs, Poultry breeds and systems of rearing, Hatchery management and brooding, Layer and broiler management |
| VPE-231 | Entrepreneurship Development in Veterinary Practice | Core | 2 | Concept of entrepreneurship, Business planning and project formulation, Sources of finance for veterinary ventures, Marketing management in veterinary sector, Legal aspects of veterinary practice |
| VMI-231 | Veterinary Systemic Bacteriology | Core | 2.5 | Bacterial infections of digestive system, Bacterial infections of respiratory system, Bacterial infections of reproductive system, Bacterial infections of urinary system, Bacterial infections of skin and wound |
Semester 4
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAP-241 | Developmental Anatomy & Teratology | Core | 2 | Gametogenesis and fertilization, Cleavage and implantation, Gastrulation and germ layer formation, Organogenesis of major systems, Causes and types of congenital anomalies |
| VPP-241 | Veterinary Pharmacology & Chemotherapy-II | Core | 2.5 | Drugs acting on digestive system, Drugs acting on respiratory system, Cardiovascular drugs, Diuretics and drugs affecting renal function, Chemotherapy of bacterial and fungal infections |
| VPP-242 | Veterinary Toxicology | Core | 2.5 | General principles of toxicology, Pesticide poisoning, Heavy metal poisoning, Plant poisoning, Mycotoxicosis |
| VPT-241 | Veterinary Acarology & Entomology | Core | 2.5 | General characteristics of arthropods, Ticks and mites of veterinary importance, Insects (flies, lice, fleas) of veterinary importance, Biology and control of arthropod vectors, Insecticides and acaricides |
| VPA-241 | Veterinary General Pathology | Core | 2.5 | Cell injury and adaptation, Inflammation and repair, Haemodynamic derangements, Disturbances of growth, Necropsy procedures and pathological techniques |
| VPA-242 | Veterinary Systemic Pathology | Core | 2.5 | Pathology of digestive system, Pathology of respiratory system, Pathology of cardiovascular system, Pathology of urinary system, Pathology of nervous system |
| VAH-241 | Livestock Production & Management (Goat, Camel & Laboratory Animals) | Core | 3.5 | Breeds and management of goats, Camel rearing and management, Laboratory animal breeds and care, Housing and feeding of laboratory animals, Ethical considerations in animal experimentation |
| VMI-241 | Veterinary Systemic Virology | Core | 2.5 | Classification and replication of viruses, Viral infections of respiratory system, Viral infections of digestive system, Viral infections of reproductive system, Viral diseases of poultry |
| VMD-241 | General Veterinary Surgery, Anaesthesiology & Radiology | Core | 2.5 | Principles of asepsis and antisepsis, Wound management and healing, Surgical instruments and materials, General and local anaesthetic agents, Principles of radiography and interpretation |
Semester 5
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VPA-351 | Veterinary Avian Pathology | Core | 2.5 | Pathology of viral diseases of poultry, Pathology of bacterial diseases of poultry, Pathology of parasitic diseases of poultry, Nutritional diseases of poultry, Mycotoxicosis in poultry |
| VPA-352 | Veterinary Clinical Pathology & PM Techniques | Core | 2.5 | Haematology in disease diagnosis, Biochemical profiles in disease, Urinalysis and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, Cytology and histopathology in diagnosis, Post-mortem examination techniques |
| VMD-351 | Veterinary Clinical Medicine | Core | 2.5 | General examination of sick animals, Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Diagnosis and treatment of non-infectious diseases, Fluid therapy and transfusion medicine, Clinical case discussion and management |
| VMD-352 | Veterinary Preventive Medicine | Core | 2.5 | Principles of disease prevention and control, Vaccination programs and schedules, Biosecurity measures in livestock farms, Zoonotic diseases and their prevention, Disease surveillance and monitoring |
| VGO-351 | Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Core | 2.5 | Anatomy and physiology of female reproductive system, Oestrous cycle abnormalities, Pregnancy diagnosis and management, Dystocia and its management, Post-partum complications |
| VGO-352 | Veterinary Andrology & Artificial Insemination | Core | 2.5 | Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive system, Evaluation of semen, Semen collection and processing, Artificial insemination techniques, Male infertility |
| VSR-351 | Regional Veterinary Surgery | Core | 2.5 | Surgery of head and neck, Surgery of thorax and abdomen, Surgery of genito-urinary system, Surgery of musculoskeletal system, Ophthalmic and aural surgery |
| VSR-352 | Veterinary Orthopaedics & Lameness | Core | 2.5 | Diagnosis of lameness in large animals, Fractures and dislocations, Diseases of joints and bones, Hoof care and diseases of foot, Orthopaedic surgical principles |
| VPE-351 | Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety | Core | 2.5 | Concept of ''''One Health'''', Foodborne infections and intoxications, Meat hygiene and inspection, Milk hygiene and inspection, Environmental sanitation in veterinary context |
Semester 6
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VPA-361 | Veterinary Forensic Medicine & Jurisprudence | Core | 2 | Introduction to veterinary jurisprudence, Laws relating to animals in India, Veterinary ethics, Medico-legal cases involving animals, Forensic examination of animal remains |
| VPE-361 | Livestock Economics & Marketing | Core | 2.5 | Principles of agricultural economics, Demand and supply in livestock sector, Marketing channels for livestock products, Price analysis of livestock commodities, Role of cooperatives in livestock marketing |
| VMD-361 | Veterinary Clinical Practice (Large Animals) | Core | 2 | Clinical examination of large animals, Diagnosis and treatment of common large animal diseases, Management of surgical emergencies in large animals, Reproductive health management in large animals, Field diagnostic techniques |
| VMD-362 | Veterinary Clinical Practice (Small Animals) | Core | 2 | Clinical examination of small animals, Diagnosis and treatment of common small animal diseases, Management of surgical emergencies in small animals, Reproductive health management in small animals, Pet animal care and nutrition |
| VGO-361 | Theriogenology (Reproductive Disorders & Their Management) | Core | 2.5 | Infertility in cattle and buffalo, Infertility in sheep, goat, and swine, Hormonal therapy in reproductive disorders, Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), Veterinary ethics in reproduction |
| VSR-361 | Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care & Imaging | Core | 2.5 | Pre-anaesthetic evaluation and medication, Inhalation and injectable anaesthesia, Monitoring during anaesthesia, Post-operative care and pain management, Advanced imaging techniques (ultrasound, CT, MRI) |
| VSR-362 | Advanced Veterinary Surgery | Core | 2.5 | Soft tissue surgery, Oncologic surgery, Minimally invasive surgery, Plastic and reconstructive surgery, Emergency and critical care surgery |
| VLD-361 | Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis | Core | 2.5 | Collection and preservation of samples, Microscopic examination of pathogens, Bacteriological culture and sensitivity testing, Virological diagnostic techniques, Serological and molecular diagnostic methods |
Semester 7
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VMD-471 | Clinical Practice (Internal Medicine) | Core | 4 | Diagnostic approach to systemic diseases, Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, Gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases, Urinary and endocrine disorders, Dermatological and neurological conditions |
| VMD-472 | Clinical Practice (Public Health & Epidemiology) | Core | 3 | Epidemiological investigations of disease outbreaks, Disease mapping and risk analysis, Food safety and quality control, Zoonoses control programs, Public health communication strategies |
| VGO-471 | Clinical Practice (Gynaecology & Obstetrics) | Core | 3 | Clinical diagnosis of reproductive disorders, Obstetrical emergencies and interventions, Management of puerperal complications, Artificial insemination field practices, Pregnancy diagnosis in various species |
| VSR-471 | Clinical Practice (Surgery & Radiology) | Core | 4 | Pre-operative and post-operative care, Surgical procedures for common conditions, Anaesthetic management of surgical patients, Interpretation of radiographs, Ultrasonography in clinical diagnosis |
| VPE-471 | Clinical Practice (Poultry Science) | Core | 2 | Diagnosis of common poultry diseases, Vaccination strategies for poultry, Biosecurity in poultry farms, Poultry nutrition and feed management, Hatchery and breeder flock management |
Semester 8
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VMD-481 | Clinical Practice (Livestock Production & Management) | Core | 3 | Farm management practices for different species, Nutritional strategies for various production stages, Breeding management and selection, Economic analysis of livestock enterprises, Record keeping and farm planning |
| VMD-482 | Clinical Practice (Pharmacology & Toxicology) | Core | 2 | Drug administration routes and dosages, Rational use of antimicrobials, Therapeutic drug monitoring, Diagnosis and treatment of common poisonings, Drug interactions and adverse effects |
| VGO-481 | Clinical Practice (Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology) | Core | 4 | Interpretation of pathological lesions, Bacteriological and virological diagnosis, Parasitological examination techniques, Serological and molecular diagnostic tests, Post-mortem examination and sample collection |
| VSR-481 | Clinical Practice (Ambulatory Clinic & Veterinary Extension) | Core | 3 | Field visits and mobile veterinary services, On-site diagnosis and treatment, Community animal health programs, Extension activities for farmers, Communication and farmer education |
| VMD-483 | Clinical Practice (Animal Genetics & Breeding) | Core | 2 | Principles of animal breeding, Selection methods in livestock, Genetic improvement programs, Conservation of animal genetic resources, Molecular genetics in animal breeding |
Semester 9
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VET-591 | Internship (Clinical Practice) | Internship | 10 | Hands-on diagnosis and treatment of diverse cases, Surgical assistance and anaesthetic management, Reproductive health management (AI, PD), Emergency and critical care management, Farm visits and disease investigation |
| VET-592 | Internship (Livestock Production & Management) | Internship | 5 | Management of dairy, poultry, sheep, goat farms, Feed formulation and nutritional management, Biosecurity and preventive health programs, Record keeping and farm economics, Interaction with farmers and extension activities |
Semester 10
| Subject Code | Subject Name | Subject Type | Credits | Key Topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VET-5101 | Internship (Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety) | Internship | 5 | Meat and milk inspection, Hygienic practices in food processing units, Epidemiological investigation of zoonoses, Environmental sanitation and waste management, Awareness programs on food safety |
| VET-5102 | Internship (Veterinary Extension Education & Rural Sociology) | Internship | 5 | Conducting farmer training programs, Developing extension literature and audio-visual aids, Participating in animal health camps, Understanding rural community dynamics, Evaluating impact of extension interventions |
